Features of changes of the functional state of higher nervous activity of the students of higher educational medical institutions in the dynamics of the academic year

In the structure of the most important components to ensure the optimal course of processes of psychophysiological adaptation of student's youth, a special place occupies a degree of psychophysiological readiness of the organism to effectively mastering professionally meaningful skills and actions. The purpose of the study is to determine the peculiarities of changes in the leading indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of students of medical institutions of higher education in the dynamics of the academic year. Determination of the level of development of indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of students was conducted during the academic year with the use of the licensed computer complex "Efecton Studio". Statistical processing of the received materials was carried out on the basis of the use of parametric methods using the program package of multidimensional statistical analysis "Statistica 6.1". The obtained results confirm the presence of certain regularities. First, attention should be paid to the deterioration during the period of stay in institutions of higher education in the medical profile of the expression of such indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity as the speed of simple and differentiated visual-motor reactions and the balance of nervous processes. Secondly, it is necessary to determine stable results in the dynamics of the academic year, which are characteristic of the indicators of mobility of the nervous processes. Thirdly, it should be emphasized that for indicators of speed of audio-motor reaction the most typical tendency is gradual improvement in the dynamics of time of stay in medical institutions of higher education. Such a variety of palettes of the studied indicators of the degree of development of the leading indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of the body of students requires to be taken into account when assessing the psychophysiological status of the subjects and the development of a set of diagnostic means for identifying the processes of forming the functional capabilities and adaptive resources of youth, who receive medical education.


Introduction
In the structure of the most important components of ensuring the optimal, based on physiological positions, and successful, taking into account the educational and pedagogical aspects of the problem, the course of psychophysiological adaptation processes, effective professional formation and adequate professional-oriented training in the institution of higher education, a special place, undeniably, occupies a degree of psychophysiological readiness of an organism of student youth for the effective assimilation of professionally meaningful techniques, skills, actions and operations and, accordingly, adequate formation of a working dynamic stereotype, which is an integral and obligatory component of adequate professional training [2, 4, 5, 8-11, 15-17, 21, 27-29, 32].This situation determines the urgent need for in-depth research, in the center of which there are questions aimed at carrying out a comprehensive in-depth assessment of changes on the basis of the peculiarities of psychophysiological functions of students during the time of stay in the institution of higher education, especially in the dynamics of the academic year, and mark the physiological reactions of the youth organism in response to the action of day-to-day learning (a constant component of educational stress) [1, 6, 7, 12-14, 18-20, 22, 24, 26, 30, 31].
The purpose of the work is to determine the peculiarities of changes in the leading indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of students of medical institutions of higher education in the dynamics of the academic year.

Materials and methods
The research was conducted among students (30 young women and 30 young men) of the medical faculty of National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya.
Determination of the level of development of indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of students and, above all, indicators that determine the features of sensorimotor reactions (the speed of simple and differentiated visual-motor response, simple audio-motor reaction), the course of the main nervous processes (mobility and balance of nerve processes) was carried out during the academic year (accordingly, at the beginning of the autumn and at the end of spring semester) with the use of a specially created for these purposes, a licensed computer complex "Еffеcton Studio", which has a certificate of compliance with the Institute of Information Education and registered in the Fund of Computer Programs of Educational Purposes (Reg.No. 1717) [16].
For the statistical processing of the received materials, a standard package of applied programs of multivariate statistical analysis "Statistica 6.1" (license number ВXXR901E245722FA, belonging to the National Pirogov Memorial Medical University, Vinnytsya) was used [3,23].

Results
The results of the conducted researches, which envisaged the identification of the main features of the shifts recorded by the indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of students of medical institutions of higher education during the academic year, indicate the existence of a number of interesting patterns of the identified changes, which are given in Table 1.

Discussion
The initial stage of determining the level of psychophysiological readiness of students to successfully mastering the learning material and mastering practical skills is considered to be a comprehensive assessment of the peculiarities of the development of indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity.First of all, it concerns its high-speed characteristics, above all simple visual-motor reaction, the indicators of which provide an opportunity to fully adequately determine the degree of formation of indicators of visual-motor coordination capabilities, which are at the basis of ensuring the adequate implementation of various socio-and professionally significant sensory-motor acts and, consequently, motor skills necessary for successful theoretical and practical activities in institutions of higher education of future medical professionals [2,5,8,12,17,20,25,29,32].
The results pointed to the fact that among young men and women, the latent period of the simple visual-motor response at the beginning of the academic year was 336.5±4.8 ms and 331.6±5.8 ms, respectively, at the end of it 361.4±6.7 ms (7.3%; р(t) s-f <0.01) and 360.5±8.6 ms (8.7%; р(t) s-f <0.01) and, consequently, in both cases statistically significant deteriorated during the research period.At the same time, no reliable gender-related differences in the dynamics of training were observed (р(t) w- m >0.05).
Similar in their leading content of the trend (gradual deterioration of the degree of expression of the studied characteristics) were characteristic of indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity, which marked the peculiarities of the development of characteristics of the speed of differentiated visual-motor response, which provides information regarding the degree of effectiveness of the implementation of coordinated motor acts while performing stereotyped professionally meaningful actions, movements, techniques that are inextricably linked with the recognition of different content (positive, negative, indifferent) signals arriving to a person during their implementation.In particular, at the beginning of the academic year, in young men and women, the values of the latent period of the differentiated visually-motor reactions As in the previous case, there were no reliable gender-related differences in the study dynamics (р(t) w-m >0.05).Fig. 1 shows the data of the comparative analysis of the peculiarities of the development of speed indicators of the simple and differentiated visual-motor reaction of students who were researched in the dynamics of the academic year in medical institutions of higher education.
Carrying out a comprehensive assessment of the indicators that determine the peculiarities of the mobility of the nerve processes, and thus allow to establish both patterns and peculiarities of the ratio of excitation and inhibition processes in the structure of higher nervous activity, providing clear and specific information on the processes of forming a working dynamic stereotype, which is the basis of an adequate and fully successful assimilation of typical motor activity in the performance of certain activities, including medical specialties, it should be noted that among young men and women the number of failures of differentiated reactions at the beginning of the school year was respectively 1.066±0.167and 0.933±0.197,at the end of it -respectively 1.166±0.173(9.4%; р(t) s-f >0.05) and 1.066±0.197(13.9%; р(t) s-f >0.05) and, consequently, in a statistically significant degree deteriorated during the time of research in both cases.Instead, no reliable gender-related differences in the dynamics of education were observed (р(t) w-m >0.05).
Finally, summarizing data reflecting the peculiarities of dynamic changes during the academic year in medical institutions of higher education by the leading characteristics of the balance of nerve processes that determine the patterns of interconnection and interdependence of the main nervous processes, which are an important prerequisite for an adequate implementation of stereotypical actions in the imposed rhythm during the performance of educational activities, is a complex spatial-temporal reflex, which can be used to determine the level of relations between the processes of excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex.So, at the beginning of the academic year at the university, young men and women the error of determining the reaction to the moving object and, consequently, the degree of expression of the balance of the main nervous processes was 43.73±2.65 ms and 46.43±2.83ms, respectively, at the end of it -respectively, 56.56±3.61ms (29.3%; р(t) s-f <0.01) and 57.96±2.87ms (24.8%; р(t) s-f <0.01).As in all previous cases, no statistically significant gender-induced differences in the dynamics of training were observed (р(t) w-m >0.05).
In Fig. 2 data on the comparative analysis of the peculiarities of the development of mobility indicators and equilibrium of the nervous processes of students who were researched in the dynamics of the academic year at the institution of higher education are presented.
Another important indicator of the complex assessment of the peculiarities of the development of indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity should be considered determination of the degree of formation of criterion characteristics of audio-motor or auditory-motor coordination capabilities and, respectively, indicators of the latent period of audio-motor reaction, which are also at the basis of effective implementation of various socially-and professionally significant sensory-motor acts and, consequently, the various motor techniques necessary for a successful theorist and the practical activities of medical students [2,7,8,10,17,22].
The data received were quite opposite in comparison  with the previous contents, testifying that among young men and women the magnitude of the latent period of the audiomotor reaction in the beginning of the academic year was 298.4±10.7 ms and 292.4±9.4 ms respectively, at the end of it -respectively 266.6±5.2 ms (10.7%; р(t) s-f <0.01) and 265.3±6.6 ms (9.3%; р(t) s-f <0.05), and in both cases, had statistically significant improvement during research period.At the same time, no reliable gender-related differences in the dynamics of education were observed (р(t) w-m >0.05).Consequently, the results of a comprehensive assessment of changes by the leading features of the formation of indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of students of medical institutions of higher education, which are observed in the dynamics of the academic year, evidenced by a number of quite interesting laws that need to be noted, first of all.First, attention should be paid to the phenomena of the deterioration of the functional capabilities of the body of both young women and young men during the period of stay in institutions of higher education of the medical profile during the study period, concerning such indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity as the speed of a simple and differentiated visual-motor reaction and the balance of nervous processes.Secondly, the attention is drawn to the rather stable results in the dynamics of the academic year, which are characteristic of the indicators of mobility of the nervous processes.Thirdly, it should be noted that for the indicators of speed of the audio-motor reaction, which were determined, the most typical tendency should be considered the gradual improvement in the dynamics of time of stay in medical institutions of higher education.Such a variety of palettes of the studied indicators of the degree of development of the leading indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of students requires to be taken into account when assessing the psycho-physiological status of the subjects and the development of a diagnostic complex (modern methods of determining the features of psychophysiological adaptation) and corrective (modern approaches to overcoming the identified negative in its content of phenomena) means of determining the processes of forming the functional capabilities and adaptive resources of the body of young men and women who receive medical education.This approach is an important continuation of the work, the data presented in a series of studies devoted to the psycho-physiological aspects of providing day-today activities of student youth [8,17,20,21,[25][26][27][28]32].The necessity of using such approaches is also emphasized by the lack of well-defined tendencies in the usual conditions of educational activity, the main content of which is the steady positive development of the indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity that underlie the formation of the working dynamic stereotype necessary for successful assimilation by modern student youth necessary theoretical knowledge and abilities, as well as practical skills [2,10,13,[25][26][27]29].

Conclusion
In the course of the conducted research the peculiarities of changes on the leading indicators of the functional state of higher nervous activity of students of medical institutions of higher education in the dynamics of the academic year are determined, which are marked by the presence of manifestations of their decadence (the speed of simple and differentiated visual-motor reaction and the balance of nerve processes) and improvement (speed of audio-motor reaction) level of their expression and stable indicators (mobility of nervous processes).Defined data are essential both in terms of determining the peculiarities of the formation of the adaptive resources of the body of young men and women who are studying in higher educational institutions of the medical profile, and from the point of view of establishing practical, meaningful approaches to the formation of the personality of students, ensuring the formation of the necessary for a successful mastering of the future specialty of the dynamic working stereotype of educational and professional activities.
BIOMEDICAL AND BIOSOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGYOfficial Journal of the International Academy of Integrative Anthropology journal homepage: http://bba-journal.com

Fig. 2 .
Fig. 2. Data of the comparative analysis of the peculiarities of development of indicators of mobility and equilibrium of the nervous processes of students who were researched in the dynamics of the academic year in a medical institution of higher education.MNPmobility of the nervous processes.BNP -balance of the nervous processes.

Fig. 1 .
Fig. 1.Data of the comparative analysis of the peculiarities of the development of indicators of the speed of the simple and differentiated visual-motor reaction of students, who were researched in the dynamics of the academic year in a medical institution of higher education.LP SVMR -Latent period of simple visual-motor reaction.LP DVMR -Latent period of differentiated visual-motor reaction.

Table 1 .
Indicators of the leading characteristics of the higher nervous activity of students in the dynamics of the academic year in a medical institution of higher education.