Indicators of emotional burnout of pupils at the age of 15-17 years old and their dynamic changes during period of study in a modern school

Burnout-syndrome is a state of physical, motivational and, above all, emotional exhaustion, which is characterized by impaired productivity/education, the presence of severe fatigue, insomnia and increased susceptibility to the formation of somatic diseases, as well as the use of psychoactive substances, in order to obtain temporary relief, which has a pronounced tendency to develop psychological or physiological dependence and the formation of suicidal behavior. The purpose of the work is to determine the leading indicators of emotional burnout of pupils aged 15-17 years and to establish the features of their dynamic changes during education in a modern school. The research using Boyko's personal questionnaire was conducted on the basis of a number of secondary schools located in Vinnytsia, during which 309 pupils (158 young women and 151 young men) at the age of 15-17 years old were supervised. The analysis of the obtained data involved the application of descriptive statistics procedures based on the use of the standard package of statistical analysis applications "Statistica 6.1" (licensed No AXX910A374605FA). The obtained data testify to the fact that the syndrome of emotional burnout is most often observed among pupils at the aged 15 and 17, and in terms of age and sex, mainly among young men compared to young women. The differences between the rates of young women and young men are probably to be explained by their greater emotional openness and greater resistance of the organism to the action of stressors in comparison with young men. On the other hand, high levels of emotional burnout among young men compared to young women testify to their inability to spend their emotions economically, to effectively resist the actions of traumatic environmental factors and social living conditions. It is determined that the level of emotional burnout of schoolchildren is high among young women due to the high level of expression of the phase of resistance, which indicates the development of resistance to emotional stress, among young men due to phases of stress and exhaustion, which indicates significant depletion of adaptation mechanisms. The identified trends determine the need to develop conceptual frameworks for overcoming the leading manifestations of emotional burnout, which involve the use of personality-oriented approaches to improve the individual's ability to cope with stress due to changing stereotypes of their own behavior, relationships and relationships with others. mastering stress management skills, learning relaxation techniques, introduction of psychohygienic correction measures to pupils' daily activities.


Introduction
According to the World Health Organization, burnout syndrome is a state of physical, motivational and, above all, emotional exhaustion, which is characterized by decreased and other disorders of productivity/training, the presence of severe fatigue, insomnia and increased tendency to form against this background of somatic diseases, as well as the use of psychoactive substances in order to obtain temporary relief, which has a pronounced tendency to develop psychological or physiological dependence and manifestations of suicidal behavior [5, 6, ISSN 1861-031Х EISSN 2616-6208 Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology Indicators of emotional burnout of pupils at the age of 15-17 years old and their dynamic changes during period of... 14,21]. In fact, this syndrome and, of course, its main criteria, should be regarded as a stress response to too high professional, educational or emotionally significant requirements, which is realized due to excessive devotion to human work with concomitant (which should be emphasized!) to rest, family life and rational organization of free time [5,9,17].
That is why it is extremely important to use modern psychodiagnostic techniques and psychohygienic techniques to determine the level of emotional burnout. In this context, it should be noted that a thorough assessment of psychophysiological functions and personality traits inherent in different contingents, in particular for pupils and students should aim to determine in detail the functional mechanisms of occurrence and features of the combination of major structural components of emotional burnout. This approach allows the subject to pay timely attention to the depth of expression of the leading manifestations of emotional burnout and, if necessary, to mobilize internal resources, apply preventive (especially psychophysiological and, especially, psychohygienic) methods, to study themselves, to continue, despite existing problems, personal and professional development [1,3,4,15,18,19,23,26,27].
The purpose of the work is to determine the leading indicators of emotional burnout of pupils aged 15-17 years and to establish the features of their dynamic changes during education in a modern school.

Materials and methods
The research was conducted on the basis of a number of secondary education institutions located in Vinnytsia, during which 309 pupils (158 young women and 151 young men) aged 15 to 17 were supervised.
To determine and subsequently assess the indicators of emotional burnout was used extremely common in psychohygienic research and psychodiagnostic practices Boyko's personal questionnaire, which provided an opportunity to identify 12 symptoms that form 3 phases of emotional burnout: stress phase, resistance phase and exhaustion phase. In this context, it should be noted that the structure of the stress phase includes symptoms of traumatic circumstances, self-dissatisfaction, feelings of "cage", anxiety and depression, the structure of the resistance phase -symptoms of inadequate selective emotional response, emotional and moral disorientation, expansion emotions and reduction of professional responsibilities, to the structure of the phase of exhaustion -symptoms of emotional deficit, emotional and personal detachment, as well as psychosomatic and psychovegetative disorders [15,21,24,25].
In addition, for each of the identified symptoms, there are 3 stages of development -a symptom that is unformed (up to 9 points), a symptom that is forming (10-15 points), and a symptom that has formed (more than 16 points).
Accordingly, each phase of the development of emotional burnout is defined as one that is unformed (up to 37 points for the set of symptoms that make it up), one that is forming (37-60 points for the set of symptoms that make it up), and one that is formed (more than 60 points for the set of symptoms that make it up).
Statistical analysis of the obtained data, which involved the application of descriptive statistics procedures, was carried out on the basis of the use of a standard package of multidimensional statistical analysis applications "Statistica 6.1" (licensed № AXX910A374605FA).

Results
During the assessment of the degree of expression of the total indicator of emotional burnout, which is an extremely important integral indicator of emotional instability and propensity to develop and form various disorders of the mental sphere, quite interesting results were obtained.
In general, the level of emotional burnout was the highest among young men aged 15 and 17 years (respectively -164.7±7.6 and 151.3±9.0 points (8.1 %; p>0.05)) compared with young men aged 16 years (147.5±8.8 points) 10.4 %; p>0.05)). At the same time, the rates among young women were much lower, however, in the age context the same trend was maintained as among young men, and, therefore, the level of emotional burnout was lowest among young women aged 16 compared to young women aged 15 and 17 (respectively -125.6±7.5 points (15.9 %; p<0.05); 149.3±7.8 points and 148.0±7.0 points (0.9 %; p>0.05)). No statistically significant sex differences were observed (p>0.05) ( Table 1).
The first phase of the development of emotional burnout is characterized by the appearance of manifestations of exhaustion of their own emotional resources and a feeling of constant tension. The indicators that characterized the stress phase in young men were higher than in young women. Among the pupils studied, only among 16-yearold and 17-year-old young women, stress was defined as an unformed phase, while in other comparison groups it should be interpreted as a developing stage. Thus, at the age of 15 among young women the level of stress was the highest -40.76±3. 16  In the analysis of structural indicators, it was also necessary to pay attention to the presence of trends that are clearly due to sex differences. As an emerging stage, stress should be treated among 23.5 % of young men aged 15, among 28.0 % of young men aged 16

Continuation of table 1.
During the analysis of the peculiarities of the development of signs that are characteristic of the stress phase, it was found that the symptoms of traumatic circumstances should be defined as unformed in young women aged 16 and 17 years, as well as emerging symptoms in other comparison groups. Thus, among the 15-year-old young women the indicator under consideration was significantly higher, amounting to 12.94±1.08 points in comparison with young women aged 16 and 17 (8.282±1.184 points (36.0 %; p<0.01) and 9.641±1.012 points respectively (25.5 %; p<0.05)). Among young men, the indicators gradually decreased with age from 12.52±0.99 points at the age of 15 to 11.62±1.16 points (7.2 %; p>0.05) at the age of 16 and 11.52±1.13 points (8.0 %; p>0.05) at the age of 17. Significant sex differences were registered only among 16-year-old schoolchildren (p<0.05).
A similar trend was characteristic of the indicators of self-dissatisfaction, which in young women should be interpreted as unformed, and its level decreased with age from 8.154±0.776 points to 6.621±0.554 points (18.8 %; p>0.05). In contrast, in young men, the symptom was defined as developing, increasing with age from 9.092±0.872 points to 10.26±0.99 points (12.9 %; p>0.05). Significant sex differences were observed among 16-year-olds (p<0.05) and 17-year-old schoolchildren (p<0.01).
The symptom of anxiety and depression, among all the symptoms that form the stage of stress, was the only one, which was determined in all sex and all age groups at approximately the same level, ranging from 10.41±1.20 points in 17-year-old young women to 13.84±1.16 points in 15-year-old young men, except for 16-year-old young women, among whom its manifestations (8.155±1.183 points) should be interpreted as a developing symptom.
Of the three main components of emotional burnout among the studied pupils, the highest was the level of resistance, which corresponds to the second phase of the formation of emotional burnout and indicates the development of their body's natural resistance to emotional stress. In young women, the level of resistance was higher than in young men, among young women aged 15 and 17 years resistance was a stage that was formed, and accordingly its indicators increased from 60.88±2.91 to 64.00±2.45 points (5.1 %; p>0.05), in other groups of comparison -as a developing stage, and the lowest level of resistance was among pupils aged 16 years. In particular, among young women aged 16 its level was 52.11±2.50 points (14.4 %; p<0.05), among young men aged 15 years resistance was determined at the level of 58.58±2.74 points, at the age of 16 years -51.82±2.72 points (11.5 %; p>0.05), at the age of 17 years -55.20±2.76 points (5.8 %; p>0.05). Significant sex differences were observed only among 17year-old schoolchildren (p<0.05).
The structure of the studied indicators was dominated by the values that were inherent in the formed phase. In general, among 15-year-old pupils, the resistance stage was fully formed among 48.1 % of young women and 49.0 % of young men. The lowest rates were among schoolchildren aged 16 -among 34.0 % of young women and 26.0 % of young men. Among young women aged 17, the resistance stage was fully formed in 64.2 % of respondents, which is a fairly high figure, which cannot help but cause concern. On the other hand, among young men aged 17, the resistance stage was formed only in 38.0 % of cases.
Among the main mental manifestations that are part of the resistance phase, inadequate selective emotional response to environmental influences was defined as a symptom in all comparison groups except 16-year-old young men. The lowest degree of expression of this symptom among young women was at the age of 16  Other symptoms inherent in the manifestations of emotional burnout were determined at the stage of formation, in addition to the symptom of expanding the scope of saving emotions, which among young women at the age of 16 was unformed. There were almost identical trends in the age and sex dynamics of the levels of expansion of the economy of emotion saving and reduction of professional responsibilities -the lowest levels were for 16-year-olds and were determined primarily among young men, the highest levels were for young women and young men aged 15 years. Thus, the level of expansion of the sphere of saving emotions ranged from 13.32±1.24 points among 15-year-old young women to 8. Against this background, the fact that the level of emotional and moral disorientation, in contrast to the previously described symptoms, was much higher among young men compared to young women should be considered very noticeable. Thus, if among young women the value of the studied symptom varied in the range from 12.36±0.90 points among female pupils aged 15 years to 11.07±0.91 points (10.4 %; p>0.05) among young women aged 16 years and up to 11.90±0.93 points; p>0.05) among young women aged 17 years, among young men its values ranged from 13.62±0.94 points to 12.44±0.88 points (8.7 %; p>0.05) and to 12.92±0.87 points, respectively (5.1 %; p>0.05). Regarding the number of schoolchildren, among whom there were symptoms of emotional and moral disorientation, the same trend was observed as when assessing the phase of resistance in general. The highest rates were among young women aged 17 years, the lowest -among young men aged 15 years. These data indicate a much more pronounced tendency of young women to resist emotional exhaustion, especially at the age of 17, compared with their peers young men.
The third stage of development of emotional burnout, characterized by depletion of adaptive mechanisms, as formed was recorded among young men aged 15 years (60.29±2.96 points) and as a developing stage in other age groups. Among young men, the level of exhaustion decreased with age to 53.92±3.71 points (10.6 %; p>0.05) at the age of 16 to 53.26±3.50 points (11.7 %; p>0.05) at the age of 17 years and, in general, was higher than the level of exhaustion in young women, which, in turn, with age initially decreased from 47.67±3.01 at the age of 15 years to 43.24±2.92 points (9.3 %; p>0.05) at the age of 16 years, increasing further to 51.23±2.70 points (7.5 %; p>0.05). Expressed sex-related differences were registered at the age of 15 years (p<0.01) and at the age of 16 years (p<0.05).
As a formed stage of exhaustion was registered among 51.0 % of young men aged 15 years, among 42.0 % of young men aged 16 years and among 44.0 % of young men aged 17 years, which is significantly higher than for young women, among whom similar data were respectively 30.8 %, 22.6 % and 32.1 %.
Among the symptoms that are integral components of the depletion phase, the lowest was the level of expression of psychosomatic and psychovegetative changes, which decreased during the studied age in range from 9.116±1.062 up to 8.261±0.951 points (9.3 %; p>0.05) for young women and from 10.60±0.99 to 8.202±1.112 points (22.6 %; p>0.05) in young men. No sex differences were observed (p>0.05).
Emotional deficit was defined as a developing symptom in all comparison groups and, in contrast to the symptom of psychosomatic and psychovegetative changes, among young women its level increased with age from 10.40±1.04 to 12.15±1.01 points (16.8 %; p>0.05), among young men, on the contrary, decreased from 13.94±0.82 to 10.92±1.04 points (21.7 %; p<0.05). Sex-related differences were registered only among 15-year-old schoolchildren (p<0.01).
The levels of emotional and personal detachment were quite high. The level of emotional detachment was defined as a symptom that developed in all comparison groups, except for young women aged 15 and 16 years. Among young women the level of indicators with age increased from 14.42±0.99 to 16.19±0

Discussion
Analysis of the data of modern scientific literature and own results convincingly proves the fact that in the structure of personality traits of modern pupils an important place belongs to the leading characteristics of the level of emotional burnout, which is an indisputable factor in forming a high level of emotional instability of young women and young men to the action of environmental factors and social and professional living conditions, as well as the tendency to develop various disorders of the characteristics of the psycho-emotional sphere of their body due to the influence of various psycho-traumatic factors [2,5,14,23,24,25].
In general, in the structure of emotional burnout, primarily professional or educational-conditioned emotional burnout, it is customary to distinguish the following levelscomponents: (1) emotional exhaustion, which manifests itself as mental fatigue, emotional devastation, depressive manifestations; (2) reduction of personal achievements, which is marked as a decrease in educational or professional efficiency of students or employees, negativism about the proper performance of official duties, reduced sense of significance of activities performed, etc. and (3) depersonalization, ie significant interpersonal relationships, cynical attitude to the feelings and experiences of other people [5,11,12,16,20,22].
The obtained data convincingly testify to the fact that the manifestations of emotional burnout, in fact, at all levels, which are listed above, are most often observed among pupils aged 15 and 17 years. In addition, considering them in the sex-age plane, it is necessary to note a higher degree of their expression among young men compared to young women. This situation is probably to be explained by the much greater emotional openness of young women and the greater resistance of their bodies to the action of stressors compared to young men. At the same time, rather high levels of emotional burnout among young men compared to young women testified to the inability of the stronger sex to spend their emotions quite sparingly, to effectively confront the action of various traumatic environmental factors and social living conditions, which often leads to greater emotional "stinginess" of men compared to women.
It is interesting to note that the level of emotional burnout of high school pupils was too high: in young women -due to the high level of expression of the resistance phase, which indicates the development of resistance to emotional stress, in young men -due to phases of stress and exhaustion. which indicates a significant depletion of adaptation mechanisms.
This situation determines the need to develop conceptual frameworks for overcoming the leading manifestations of emotional burnout, which involve the use of personality-oriented approaches aimed at improving the individual's ability to cope with stress due to changing stereotypes of their own behavior, relationships. Instead, the main components of such approaches should be considered the mastery and proper acquisition of stress management skills; training in relaxation techniques, introduction of psycho-hygienic correction measures to pupils' daily activities, etc.

Conclusions
1. These data indicate the fact that the syndrome of emotional burnout is most common among pupils aged 15 and 17 years, as well as in terms of age and sex among young men compared to young women. The difference between the rates in young women and young men is probably due to their greater emotional openness and greater resistance to stressors compared to young women. On the other hand, high levels of emotional burnout among young men compared to young women indicate their inability to expend their emotions economically, effectively resist the effects of traumatic environmental factors and social living conditions, which in turn leads to greater emotional "stinginess" of men compared to women.
2. Studies have shown that the level of emotional burnout of schoolchildren is too high -among young women due to the high level of expression of the phase of resistance, which indicates the development of resistance to emotional stress, among young men -due to phases of stress and exhaustion, indicating significant exhaustion, which indicates a significant depletion of adaptation mechanisms.
3. The identified trends determine the need to develop conceptual frameworks for overcoming the leading manifestations of emotional burnout, which involve the use of personality-oriented approaches aimed at improving the individual's ability to cope with stress due to changing stereotypes of their behavior, relationships with others, the main components of which should be considered the mastery and proper mastery of stress management skills; training in relaxation techniques, introduction of psychohygienic correction measures into the structure of students' daily activities.